The word "Malsum" simply means "wolf" in the southern Wabanaki languages. Sometimes it is said to be the name
of an evil wolf who is the twin brother of Glooscap.
However, some Wabanaki elders have been adamant this is not a real Wabanaki myth-- wolves are not malevolent
figures in Wabanaki culture (the wolf, like the loon, is Glooscap's loyal companion in some Maliseet legends),
and the evil-twin character does not appear in older texts. It's possible that the character of Malsum came about
when early folklorists confused Wabanaki stories with those from the neighboring Iroquois and Anishinabe tribes--
the Anishinabe culture hero often has a wolf brother, such as Moqwaio,
and the Iroquois culture hero has an evil twin, Flint.
The first recorded version of the Malsum story that we're aware of is in Charles Leland's 1884 collection
"The Algonquin Legends of New England," where he attributes it to a Micmac Indian
despite the fact that "Malsum" is definitely not a Micmac name, so it certainly seems possible he may have been
confused about the origin of this tale. It's also possible that some Malsum stories were originally told about
Lox, a malevolent Wabanaki trickster figure.
Wherever it came from, some modern Wabanaki storytellers do tell tales about Malsum today-- although
Micmacs often say that the character came from the Abenakis, and Abenakis that he came from the
Micmacs or Maliseets!
Recommended Books of Related Native American Legends
The Algonquin Legends of New England:
Charles Leland's original collection of Wabanaki folklore including his Malsum stories.
Giants of the Dawnland:
A good collection of Wabanaki legends told by a Penobscot Indian author.
On the Trail of Elder Brother:
Another good book of traditional Wabanaki stories, told by a Mi'kmaq author and illustrator.
Algonquian Spirit:
Excellent anthology of stories, songs, and oral history from the Mi'kmaq and other Algonquian tribes.
American Indian culture
Of Glooskap's Birth, and of his Brother Malsum the Wolf:
Contacts and FAQ page
