Lower Tanana (Menhti Kenaga) Pronunciation and Spelling Guide

˜Vowels

Character We Use:	Sometimes Also Used:	IPA symbol:	How To Pronounce It:
a		a	Like the a in father.
e		ε	Like the e in get.
i	ee	i	Like the ee in see.
o		o	Like the o in note.
u	oo	u	Like the u in flute.
w	u		Like the u in but.

˜Consonants

Character We Use:	Sometimes Also Used:	IPA symbol:	How To Pronounce It:
b		b ~ p	Like b in bill or the soft p in spill.
ch	č	t	Like ch in chair.
ch'		t	Like ch, only glottalized (pronounced with a pop of air.)
d		d ~ t	Like d in dill or the soft t in still.
ddh			Like d only pronounced with the tongue pressed against the back of the teeth.
dh			Like th in then.
dl		dł	Somewhat like the dle in ladle.
dr	dd		No equivalent in American English. This is a retroflex d, pronounced with the tongue touching the back of the palate. You may recognize this sound if you've heard people from India speaking English.
dz	ds, j	dz	Like ds in Edsel.
g		k	Like the soft k in skill.
gh		γ	Like the g in the Spanish word saguaro. It sounds like the "ch" sound in German words like "ach," only voiced.
h		h	Like h in English hay.
j		d	Like j in jar.
k	k	kh	Like k in kill.
k'			Like k, only glottalized (pronounced with a pop of air.)
l		l	Like l in light.
ł	hl, lh, /	ł	This sound is a lateral fricative that doesn't really exist in English. It sounds like the "ll" in the Welsh name "Llewellyn." Some English speakers can pronounce it well if they try to pronounce the "breathy l" in the word clue without the c in front of it.
m		m	Like m in moon. This sound doesn't exist in most Lower Tanana dialects.
n		n	Like n in night.
n'			Like n only glottalized (pronounced with a pop of air.)
ng		ng	Like ng in sing.
p		ph	Like p in pill.
s		s	Like s in sing.
sr			No equivalent in American English. This is a retroflex s, pronounced with the tongue touching the back of the palate. You may recognize this sound if you've heard people from India speaking English.
t		th	Like t in till.
t'			Like t, only glottalized (pronounced with a pop of air.)
th		θ	Like th in thin.
tl		tł~kł	Somewhat like the tle in bottle. Sometimes it is pronounced more like the kle in ankle.
tl'	t	t	Like tl only glottalized (pronounced with a pop of air.)
tr			No equivalent in American English. This is a retroflex t, pronounced with the tongue touching the back of the palate. You may recognize this sound if you've heard people from India speaking English.
tr'		'	Like tr only glottalized (pronounced with a pop of air.)
ts	c	ts	Like ts in tsunami.
ts'	t	t	Like ts, only glottalized (pronounced with a pop of air.)
tth			Like t only pronounced with the tongue pressed against the back of the teeth.
tth'		'	Like tth, only glottalized (pronounced with a pop of air.)
w		w	Like w in way.
x	kh	x	Like ch in German ach.
y		j	Like y in yes.
z	zh	z~	Like z in zoo.
zr			No equivalent in American English. This is a retroflex z, pronounced with the tongue touching the back of the palate. You may recognize this sound if you've heard people from India speaking English.
’	?, h		A pause sound, like the one in the middle of the word "uh-oh."

Back to the Amerindian language homepage
Back to American Indian Nations
Back to American Indian Words



Native American houses Native American artists Adai Indian nation Cocopa Native American ancestry

Would you like to help support our organization's work with endangered American Indian languages?

or buy some books through this link:

Native Languages of the Americas website © 1998-2008 Contacts and FAQ page