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Arapaho Pronunciation and Spelling Guide

The following charts show the pronunciation for the Arapaho spellings we have used on our site, as well as some alternate spellings that you may find in other books and websites. You may also like to visit our Algonquian homepage to see how Arapaho relates to other languages from the Algonquian family.

˜Vowels

Character We Use:	Sometimes Also Used:	IPA symbol:	How To Say It:
e		ε	Like the e in bed.
ee	e:	ε ~ æ	Similar to the a in bad, only held longer.
i		I	Like the i in sick.
ii	i:	i	Like the ee in seek, only held longer.
o	a		Like the au in caught.
oo	o:, a:		Like the au in caught, only held longer.
u			Like the u in put.
uu	u:	u	Like the u in flute, only held longer.

˜Diphthongs

Character We Use:	Sometimes Also Used:	IPA symbol:	How To Say It:
ei	ey	ej	Like ay in English say.
oe	ai, ay	aj	Like English eye.
ou	o	ow	Like ow in English show.

˜Consonants

Character We Use:	Sometimes Also Used:	IPA symbol:	How To Say It:
b	p	p ~ b	Like the p in spill or b in bill (see Voicing, below.)
c	ch, č, j	t ~ d	Like ch in char or j in jar (see Voicing, below.)
h		h	Like h in hay.
k	g	k ~ g	Like the k in skate or g in gate (see Voicing, below.)
n		n	Like n in English night.
s		s	Like s in English sing.
t	d	t ~ d	Like the t in sty or d in die (see Voicing, below.)
w		w	Like w in English way.
x	ch, kh	x	Guttural sound that doesn't exist in English. Like ch in German ach.
y		j	Like y in English yes.
’	?,		A pause sound, like the one in the middle of the word "uh-oh."
3	θ, th	θ	Like th in English think.

˜Consonant Voicing and Aspiration

In Arapaho, the consonants b, k, and t are unaspirated (pronounced without a breath of air). The Arapaho letter k, for example, is always pronounced like the soft "k" in the English word "skill" rather than the hard "k" in the English word "kill." (If you're uncertain about the difference, place your fingers in front of your mouth and say "kill," then "skill." You can feel more air puffing out of your mouth with the aspirated "k" in "kill" than the unaspirated "k" in "skill.") English k is sometimes aspirated and sometimes not, but Arapaho k never is.

Just the opposite from English, Arapaho consonants are sometimes voiced (pronounced with the vocal chords vibrating) and other times unvoiced. (You can feel the difference in English by placing your fingers on your voicebox and pronouncing the words "kill" and "gill.") Arapaho k is sometimes voiced and sometimes not, but English k never is.

In general, the Arapaho stops are pronounced [p], [k], and [t] at the end of a word or before a glottal stop or other consonant sound, and they are pronounced [b], [g], and [d] before a vowel. Different Arapaho speakers may pronounce the same word with a different degree of voicing, however.

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